Cooper's approach is an example of:

• A. Dumpster diving
• B. Scavenging
• C. Spoofing
• D. Shoulder surfing

Answer: (B)

Recognizing information-gathering tactics that exploit the physical environment. Cooper’s approach involves rummaging through discarded materials to uncover sensitive data, which is scavenging. This term covers collecting information from items left behind or discarded in the environment, not from intercepting communications or observing someone entering data. Dumpster diving is a specific form of scavenging focused on trash, but scavenging is a broader description that fits when the strategy includes any discarded documents or packaging found around the area. Spoofing would involve impersonating someone else, and shoulder surfing means watching someone enter confidential information, neither of which describes collecting data from discarded materials.